POROSNEWS.ID – Kiraan satu setengah abad yang lalu, Karl Marx sudah bilang, kapitalisme hanya membuat manusia hidup untuk bekerja. Bukan lagi bekerja untuk hidup.
Salah satu persoalannya jam kerja. Dalam lintasan sejarah kapitalisme, jam kerja menjadi salah satu jantung pertempuran kepentingan antara kapitalis dengan buruh. Musababnya, jam kerja merupakan ruang bagi si tenaga kerja untuk merealisasikan komoditi. Di dalam setiap komoditi terdapat waktu kerja atau kuantitas kerja.
Di satu sisi, kapitalis selalu butuh jam kerja yang lebih panjang dan intensif agar semakin banyak komoditi yang diproduksi. Kalau perlu, jam kerja itu hanya boleh diinterupsi oleh kebutuhan fisik tak terelakkan si buruh, yaitu istirahat untuk makan.
Di sisi lain, buruh menginginkan jam kerja lebih pendek, agar lebih banyak waktu luang. Bukan saja waktu luang untuk memulihkan kondisi fisiknya (tidur, berlibur, dll), tetapi untuk pengembangan dirinya sebagai manusia (berkesenian, berolahraga, mengejar pendidikan, dll). Seperti kata Marx sendiri, “memperpendek jam kerja per hari merupakan kondisi yang diperlukan untuk kebebasan.”
Belum lagi, seperti diungkapkan Marx, kerja buruh itu bukan sekedar kerja untuk mendapatkan upah sesuai kebutuhan hidupnya (necessary labour), tetapi juga kerja surplus. Sederhananya, kerja surplus (surplus labour time) adalah kerja yang dilakukan buruh melebihi kerja untuk kebutuhan hidupnya.
Analogi sederhananya. Anggaplah seorang buruh membutuhkan Rp 100 ribu untuk kebutuhan hidupnya sebagai manusia per hari, dari pangan, air minum, pakaian, tempat tinggal, dan lain-lain. Untuk mendapatkan nominal itu, dengan menghitung nilai kerja atau produktivitas rata-rata pekerja per jam, si buruh hanya butuh bekerja 6 jam. Pada kenyataannya, jam kerja per hari adalah 8 jam. Nah, jam kerja di luar kerja memenuhi nominal kebutuhan hidup buruh itu, yakni 2 jam kerja, disebut kerja surplus.
Dalam kapitalisme, kerja surplus itulah pijakan untuk menciptakan profit. Sementara, bagi si buruh, kerja surplus itu sebetulnya penghisapan.
Di masa lampau, pada era kapitalisme awal, atau sering disebut model “akumulasi primitif” oleh Marx, belum mengenal batas jam kerja, waktu istirahat, dan hak-hak normatif pekerja. Bahkan masih membolehkan penggunaan tenaga kerja anak-anak.
Pada abad 17, muncul gerakan buruh yang menuntut pengaturan jam kerja. Pada 1810, Robert Owen, bapak sosialis yang dituding utopis itu, sudah menuntut 10 jam kerja sehari. Belakangan, gerakan buruh menuntut jam kerja lebih pendek lagi: 8 jam sehari.
Pada 1856, kuli-kuli bangunan Australia yang pertama kali memenangkan 8 jam kerja sehari. Degussa, perusahaan asal Jerman, merupakan perusahaan pertama yang menerapkan 8 jam kerja sehari. Sedangkan Uruguay menjadi negara pertama di dunia yang mengakui dan menerapkan 8 jam kerja sehari.
Kemudian, seiring dengan pasang gerakan buruh dan bangkitnya gerakan sosialis di seantero Eropa, tuntutan 8 kerja sehari diadopsi banyak negara di dunia. Gerakan Hari Buruh Sedunia (May Day) lahir dari perjuangan untuk 8 jam kerja sehari.
Pada 1919, sebuah konvensi tentang tenaga kerja, yang menjadi cikal bakal dari Organisasi Perburuhan Internasional (ILO), membahas dan mengadopsi tuntutan 8 jam kerja sehari dan 40 jam kerja seminggu.
Seabad berlalu, jam kerja per hari tidak berubah, meskipun terjadi banyak lompatan kemajuan teknologi. Seharusnya, kemajuan teknologi bisa memperpendek jam kerja, sebagaimana pernah diyakini oleh John Maynard Keynes.
Menurut prediksi Keynes dalam “Economic Possibility for our Grandchildren”, kemajuan teknologi akan memperpendek jam kerja hingga 15 jam kerja per hari begitu cucu-cucunya sudah dewasa.
Sayang, prediksi Keynes meleset. Kemajuan teknologi pasca prediksi Keynes, terutama otomatisasi 1970-an dan digitalisasi sekarang ini, membawa perubahan besar pada cara kerja dan produktivitas.
Studi Centre for Economic and Business Research (CEBR) menunjukkan, sejak perkembangan komputer di tahun 1970-an, produktivitas pekerjaan kantoran meningkat 84 persen. Saat ini, seorang pekerja kantor hanya butuh waktu sejam untuk pekerjaan yang membutuhkan 5 jam di tahun 1970-an. Pekerjaan sehari (8 jam) di tahun 1970-an bisa dikerjakan hanya 1,5 jam sekarang ini.
PDB Amerika Serikat di tahun 2020 telah meningkat 227 kali dibanding 1930-an. Jika dihitung berdasarkan harga konstan (PDB riil), maka output produksi meningkat 18 kali.
Faktanya, peningkatan produktivitas yang dipicu oleh kemajuan teknologi itu tak berbanding lurus dengan pengurangan jam kerja. Berdasarkan hitungan Bureau of Labor Statistics, rata-rata pekerja di AS bekerja 8,8 jam per hari atau 44 jam per minggu.
Ada dua penjelasan untuk hal ini. Pertama, manfaat dari pertumbuhan produktivitas tidak terbagi secara merata. Sementara upah riil buruh tetap datar, gaji para CEO justru meningkat drastis.
Temuan The Economic Policy Institute (EPI) menyebutkan, penghasilan para CEO telah meningkat 1,322 persen sejak 1978, sementara buruh hanya naik 18 persen. Di tahun 2020, CEO dari 350 perusahaan paling top di AS menerima penghasilan rata-rata sebesar 24,2 juta USD, sementara pekerja biasa hanya di kisaran 68 ribu USD.
Di sisi lain, kekayaan yang tercipta dari produktivitas hanya menumpuk di tangan segelintir orang. Laporan ketimpangan global yang diterbitkan oleh World Inequality Lab menunjukkan, 10 persen orang terkaya di dunia saat ini menguasai 76 persen kekayaan global, sementara 50 persen termiskin hanya mendapat 2 persen.
Kedua, menurut Marx, hanya ada dua hal yang menentukan jam kerja: batasan fisik manusia dan perjuangan kelas. Menengok dari sejarah, pengurangan jam kerja selalu dihasilkan oleh perjuangan kelas buruh.
Lalu, mengapa kita perlu menuntut pengurangan jam kerja?
Ide gerakan 8 jam kerja itu sebetulnya berangkat dari keinginan sederhana: 8 jam untuk bekerja, 8 jam untuk istirahat, dan 8 jam untuk melakukan kegiatan sesuai keinginan sendiri sebagai manusia merdeka.
Artinya, memperpendek jam kerja sebetulnya berarti memperbesar ruang dan waktu hidup kita untuk melakukan hal-hal sesuai dengan keinginan kita sebagai manusia. Dalam ungkapan Marx: memperpendek jam kerja merupakan prasyarat untuk kebebasan kita. Jadi, manusia bekerja untuk hidup, bukan hidup untuk bekerja.
Selanjutnya, jam kerja yang lebih pendek berdampak positif pada kondisi kerja dan produktivitas.
Di Islandia, Dewan Kota Reykjavik, serikat buruh, dan pemerintah melakukan uji-coba memperpendek jam kerja dari 40 jam per minggu menjadi 35-36 jam per minggu tanpa memotong upah. Proses uji cobanya berlangsung 4 tahun (2015-2019) terhadap 2500 orang pekerja. Hasilnya: produktivitas tidak menurun, bahkan beberapa meningkat[1].
Di Swedia, pada 2015, ada uji coba pengurangan jam kerja untuk pekerja sosial, dari 8 jam per hari menjadi 6 jam per hari. Hasilnya: pengurangan jam kerja mengurangi stress, kelelahan, dan emosi yang negatif[2].
Di Jepang, microsoft juga melakukan uji coba empat hari kerja tanpa mengurangi upah. Hasilnya sungguh luar biasa: produktivitas meningkat, penghematan listrik 23 persen, permintaan cuti berkurang 25 persen, dan tekanan atas pekerjaan berkurang[3].
Selain berdampak di tempat kerja, pengurangan jam kerja juga bisa berdampak pada keluarga. Dengan jam kerja yang lebih pendek, pekerja yang sudah menikah bisa punya waktu lebih banyak untuk di rumah: berbagai beban kerja domestik dan perawatan (domestic and care work).
Sekarang ini, beberapa negara mulai menginisiasi kebijakan pengurangan jam kerja. Pemerintahan sosial-demokrat di Finlandia di bawah Perdana Menteri Sanna Marin sudah memperkenalkan 6 jam kerja per hari dan 4 hari kerja seminggu.
Spanyol melakukan melakukan uji coba 4 hari kerja per minggu. Pengusungnya seorang aktivis kiri, namanya Iñigo Errejón, mantan sekretaris Podemos yang sekarang mendirikan partai baru: Más País.
Di Selandia Baru, Perdana Menteri Jacinda Ardern juga mengusulkan pengurangan jam kerja menjadi 4 hari per minggu untuk mengantisipasi dampak pandemi.
Lalu, bagaimana dengan negeri tercinta, Indonesia?
Laporan BPS tahun 2020 menyebutkan, rata-rata penduduk usia 15 tahun ke atas menghabiskan waktu 41,49 jam per minggu untuk bekerja. Angka ini melewati batas yang ditentukan oleh UU: 40 jam kerja per minggu. Bahkan ada 29 persen yang bekerja 48 jam per minggu.
UU Cipta Kerja memperparah situasi itu. UU Cipta Kerja masih mempertahankan rezim kerja “40 jam kerja per minggu” dengan dua opsi: 7 jam per hari untuk 6 hari kerja atau 8 jam per hari untuk 5 hari kerja.
Malahan, dalam soal lembur, UU cipta kerja memperpanjang waktu kerja. Pada UU lama (UU nomor 13 tahun 2003), jam kerja lembur maksimal 3 jam per hari dan 14 jam per minggu. Sementara dalam UU Cipta Kerja, jam lembur diperpanjang menjadi 4 jam per hari dan 18 jam per minggu.
Parahnya, soal istirahat mingguan. UU cipta kerja hanya mengenal 1 istirahat mingguan, yaitu 1 hari kerja untuk 6 hari kerja dalam seminggu. Padahal, di ketentuan soal jam kerja, ada opsi 5 hari kerja seminggu.
Selain itu, istirahat panjang tidak lagi disebutkan secara terperinci di UU Cipta Kerja. Padahal, di UU lama, itu disebutkan eksplisit: istirahat panjang selama 2 bulan diberikan pada tahun ke-7 dan ke-8 masing-masing 1 bulan setelah pekerja bekerja selama 6 tahun.
Di Jabotabek, kalau anda pengguna commuter line, tak sulit melihat pekerja yang pulang larut malam dan harus berangkat kembali ke tempat kerja di pagi hari.
Jam kerja yang panjang berpotensi memicu depresi. Di Indonesia ini, berdasarkan riset kesehatan dasar 2018, prevalensi depresi pada penduduk usia 15 tahun ke atas mencapai 6,1 persen. Artinya, ada 12 juta orang usia 15 tahun ke atas yang mengalami depresi.
Dunia modern harusnya tak lagi menyaksikan wajah pucat para pekerja seperti kelaziman di masa-masa awal perkembangan kapitalisme.
Karena itu, memperpendek jam kerja punya tujuan yang mulia: mengembalikan kerja sebagai prasyarat hidup manusia. Bukan hidup untuk bekerja, tetapi bekerja untuk hidup.
Memperpendek waktu kerja berarti menyediakan ruang waktu lebih banyak untuk setiap manusia agar bisa menikmati hidupnya sebagai manusia. Seperti kata Multatuli: tugas manusia menjadi manusia.
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Автор старается оставаться нейтральным, чтобы читатели могли самостоятельно рассмотреть различные точки зрения и сформировать собственное мнение. Это сообщение отправлено с сайта https://ru.gototop.ee/
Статья содержит информацию, которая актуальна для современного общества и его вызовов.
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